思路篇
录入时间：2007-8-14 18:24:42 |
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| Having enough reason to support your choice is essential in TOEFL writing. Here I listed some good reasons for a point as a sample. 西方人经常提及的辩论话题之理由：（注意，有些理由在TWE中会被认为是重复的。只做欣赏。 另外，从中我们可以对自己的逻辑思维更加自信。） 1． Smoking For： 1． it is pleasurable and relaxing 2． it is one’s right 3． it is difficult to stop smoking 4． it is an old custom going back hundreds of years 5． it is not always dangerous to one’s health 6． it makes socializing easier 7． it is an important source of tax revenue 8． intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol) Against:
1． it is harmful to one’s health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer ) 2． it is harmful to those nearby 3． it is a dirty and expensive habit 4． it is addictive (i.e., nicotine) 5． it is quickly being banned in public areas 6． it lives off deceptive advertising 2． School Uniforms For： 1． they build character 2． they eliminate class differences 3． they allow students to better concentrate on their studies 4． they are popular with parents and administrators 5． they are inexpensive 6． they are attractive and neat 7． they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day 8． many countries have them Against： 1． they lead to conformity 2． they are disliked by students (students like to primp) 3． they create a military mentality 4． they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks) 5． they are ugly and childish 6． they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear 7． they are losing popularity everywhere 3． Legalized Gambling For： 1． it reduces taxes 2． it is a source of government revenue 3． it is gaining popularity in the world 4． it is an old practice dating back thousands of years 5． it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos) 6． it is voluntary 7． many people play poker and mahjong Against： 1． it is banned in most countries 2． it is condemned by most religions 3． it can become addictive 4． it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings 5． it teaches people not to work for money 6． it can destroy happy families 7． it can lead to suicide 8． it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers ) 4． City Life For： 1． it is exciting 2． it attracts people from the countryside 3． it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores 4． it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums ) 5． it offers many chances of employment 6． its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable 7． cities have an efficient public transportation system 8． city planners can create a good living environment 9． crime can be found in the countryside as well Against ： 1． it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution ) 2． it is not a good environment for children 3． it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons 4． it is noisy and dangerous 5． it makes people nervous and even neurotic 6． it has created awful slums 7． cities are overcrowded and expensive 8． many city dwellers long to return to the countryside 9． city housing projects are unpopular 5． Informing Patients Of Cancer For： 1． patients want to know 2． it is wrong to hide the truth 3． it is not a shock for the patient but for his family 4． it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days 5． it is the patient’ s body, not the doctor’ s 6． doctors are for it (in the U. S.) 7． it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment Against： 1． it is heartless and cruel 2． it may make the patient give up 3． it causes depression 4． it can lead to suicide 5． most relatives are against it 6． a white lie can save undue suffering 7． doctors are against it (in Japan) 6． Social Security For： 1． the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick 2． the state should provide good health care for its citizens 3． the strong must help the weak 4． Social Darwinism is outdated 5． there will always be social misfits that need help 6． all religions stress charity 7． all advanced countries have some form of social security Against ： 1． it costs too much 2． it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic 3． it does not work efficiently 4． people should look after themselves 5． it results in heavy taxes 6． Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest" 7． there are no freebies in life 7．Coeducation For ： 1． it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated ) 2． it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another 3． it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another 4． it is the modern trend 5． it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups) 6． it produces well-adjusted adults 7． most parents prefer coeducation. 8． separate schools foster sexual rivalry 9． women become neurotic in all-women’ s schools Against ： 1． women do better academically in their own colleges 2． women are in college to get an education, not a husband 3． women have their own values to develop 4． it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity 5． it is still rare in some countries 6． it is opposed by some parents 7． it robs women of their self-confidence 8． separate schools have existed for centuries 9． marry great men and women attended separate schools 8． Corporal Punishment For ： 1． children are not adults 2． children respect discipline 3． it is a check on excessive permissiveness 4． it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures 5． it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists 6． it is a form of training 7． it builds real character 8． it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents 9． it works to control juvenile delinquency 10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the child Against ： 1． it is barbarous 2． Freud said it is wrong 3． love is better than physical punishment 4． it can cause psychological problems 5． it is not necessary if children are raised correctly 6． it is an emotional, irrational response 7． it can result in a lawsuit 8． beatings have been known to result in death 9． there is the saying : Violence begets violence 9．Organ Transplants For ： 1． they prolong life 2． they are supported by the medical profession 3． they enhance medical science 4． they are a challenge to surgeons 5． critically ill people want transplants in order to live 6． costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine 7． there is no "time" to die 8． death is defined as brain death 9． the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection Against ： 1． they are too expensive 2． they favor the rich 3． they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs 4． they are unnatural as seen by the body’ s rejection 5． they are often unsuccessful 6． the idea is sinister 7． Nature has decided when we should die 8． the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair 9． there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead) 10．Civil Disobedience For ： 1． it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws 2． it is a matter of religious or moral convictions 3． it is the only way to fight oppression 4． it is usually nonviolent 5． it is used only in extreme circumstances 6． it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ 7． it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking 8． God’ s laws take precedence over man’ s laws 9． protestors are ready to accept punishment for their beliefs 10． many famous people have engaged in civil disobedience (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi and Andrei Sakharov) 11． there are many famous examples such as the Boston Tea Party and conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War Against ： 1． no one is above the law 2． it can quickly destroy law and order 3． it leads to anarchy 4． it leads to contempt for all laws 5． protestors are cowards trying to escape punishment 6． protestors often resort to violence 7． the democratic process should be used to effect change 11．Abortion For ： 1． it is a woman’ s fundamental right, say abortion-rights advocates 2． it is necessary for unwed mothers 3． it is necessary for rape victims 4． it is necessary in some cases to save a mother’ s life 5． procreation is a couple’ s choice 6． it is a form of birth control 7． poor, illiterate women want it 8． most women support it 9． it is necessary to prevent overpopulation 10． it prevents unwanted babies from coming into the world 11． it is not murder because a fetus is not yet a human being Against： 1． it is murder (infanticide), say anti-choice groups 2． life begins at conception 3． it is an unnatural practice 4． it is immoral because only God can take a life 5． a fetus is a human being-unborn but viable 6． the rights of a fetus must be protected 7． it is painful for the fetus-a barbaric practice 8． it is not the same as other modern birth-control devices 9． it causes many women to have guilt feelings 10．unwanted babies can be put up for adoption 12． Censorship For ： 1． it is for the good of society 2． it protects children 3． every society has some form of censorship 4． the individual is less important than the community 5． absolute freedom leads to anarchy 6． many adults are not mature enough to make their own decisions 7． it can be carried out wisely 8． pornography is not art 9． pornography is in the hands of unscrupulous people 10．obscene works should be banned 11．it is necessary in times of war Against ： 1． it limits the individual’ s freedom and human rights 2． it is not consistent with democracy 3． it is subjective and not objective 4． it creates the problem of who will censor 5． it is disappearing in advanced countries 6． it deprives adults of their right to make decisions 7． it can be applied to all aspects of our lives 8． it is the first step toward totalitarianism 9． it draws attention to banned works and increases sales 10． voluntary censorship is better 13． Equality Of the Sexes For ： 1． we all have the same Creator 2． matriarchal societies go back thousands of years 3． all advanced societies have given women equal rights 4． most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work 5． there are no skills women cannot master 6． there are even women body builders 7． men have a basic inferiority complex 8． women are more interested in peace than men 9． some world leaders are women (e.g., Margaret Thatcher ) 10． women are superior to men in some fields 11．no scientific studies back up the stereotypes men have of women Against ： 1． women have a different biological function 2． women are physically weaker than men 3． women can’ t be mothers and career women at the same time 4． many women want to depend on men 5． most women want to stay at home and be mothers 6． women haven’ t been given the vote in some countries 7． women are emotional and irrational 8． women think intuitively (no famous women philosophers) 9． hormones cause women to behave differently 14．Foreign Aid For ： 1． it is humane 2． the rich should help the poor 3． all religions teach charity 4． it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy 5． it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery 6． it is given by all advanced countries 7． it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations 8． it helped rebuild Japan and Germany 9． it increases world trade 10．it achieves political objectives 11．it promotes national security Against ： 1． it is degrading to the recipient 2． it is never appreciated 3． it leads to feelings of inferiority 4． it limits the independence of developing countries 5． it subsidizes laziness 6． it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials 7． it supports Third World dictatorships 8． it can be culturally damaging 9． it has divided the United Nations 10．the money should be spent at home for one’ s own people 15．Divorce For ： 1． it is the logical solution to a bad marriage 2． it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage 3． it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia 4． it is legally recognized by most countries 5． it is accepted by most people 6． remarriage is a right 7． it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and physical cruelty 8． children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment 9． feminists support it Against ： 1． it breaks up the family 2． it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage 3． it is opposed by various religions 4．it is banned by some countries 5． it was uncommon until fifty years ago 6． marriage is a serious responsibility 7． it is a sign of immaturity 8． counseling is the solution 9． it harms children emotionally 10．children need both parents 11．child custody decisions are messy 16．Compulsory Military Service For ： 1． it aims to strengthen national defense 2． it teaches young men discipline 3． it builds character and physical fithess 4． it teaches valuable skills 5． it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality 6． it offers opportunities for overseas travel 7． it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore) 8． it reduces unemployment 9． it instills a sense of patriotism Against： 1． it is unnecessary in view of today’ s professional armies 2． it is a step away from peace 3． some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan) 4． today’ s armies do not need unskilled manpower 5． it interrupts young men’ s studies and careers 6． it is a useless experience 7． it is a source of slave labor 8． it results in bullying and conformity 9． it does not build character 10．it can cause mental disorders 11．military skills are useless in private industry 17．Voluntary Euthanasia For ： 1． it is a basic right-the right to die 2． the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death " 3． it allows one to die with dignity 4． it allows one to choose the time and place of death 5． it is logical and humane 6． it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid) 7． it is painless 8． it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering 9． the dying want it 10．some doctors will assist the patient to end his life 11．it recognizes death as a natural, biological process 12．doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines Against ： 1． it is murder or suicide 2． it is illegal in most countries 3． most doctors oppose it 4． it is a first step to killing the old and infirm 5． it is irreversible in the event of a new cure 6． only God can end a life 7． most religions oppose it 8． suicide is always irrational 9． the dying are too sick to know what they want 10．the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers 11．it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance 18．Capital Punishment For： 1． it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent ) 2． it serves as a just reward for killers 3． it lowers crime rates 4． it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money) 5． in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped 6． most countries practice it 7． killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures 8． a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years 9． killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologists Against ： 1． it frightens no one 2． it is motivated by revenge and not justice 3． it does not lower crime rates 4． it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake) 5． it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers) 6． it is unjust because only God can take away life 7． the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation 8． killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment 9． the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries 19．Trade Protectionism For ： 1． industries need government protection 2． no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed 3． agriculture must be protected for national security reasons 4． real free trade doesn’ t exist and never has 5． national security is more important than idealistic trade principles 6． it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous 7． every nation ’ s economy is shaped by its own culture 8． there are various forms of free-market economy 9． every nation should have an industrial policy 10．governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever means Against ： 1． it invites retaliation 2． it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis 3． it impedes world trade and prosperity 4． it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries 5． it leads to trade wars 6． it makes industries less competitive 7． it costs taxpayers large sums of money 8． it gives consumers less choice 9． it is denounced by most nations 10．it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections, certification, and distribution 20．Nuclear Power For： 1． it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel 2． it is the best source of energy for countries without oil 3． the world’ s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years 4． it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries 5． it could supply all the world’ s electricity for millions of years if fully developed 6． it is safe if properly supervised 7． nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants 8． the issue has become far too emotional Against ： 1． it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident) 2． most people are afraid of it 3． the world’ s supply of uranium is fast decreasing 4． it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion) 5． radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of 6． it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare 7． certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons 8． nuclear plants are expensive to build 9． the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants 10．nuclear wastes can cause cancer |
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