时态的含义，比较，统一和活用
录入时间：2007-8-11 9:38:31 |
||||||||
| 时态有五个问题要注意的，即格式，含义，比较，统一和活用。我很久以前就发上《时态的格式》，现在再发上《时态的含义，比较，统一和活用》，希望对初学者有所帮助。 我在教学生听力的时候发现，即使是最简单的听力材料也难免会碰上像虚拟语气，被动语态之类的语法现象。所以我就在教学之初就先使学生对英语的语法有个基本的概念，而时态则是首先要解决的问题。因为，如果他们不懂得时态，就无法进行阅读，没有学生的课外阅读来增加词汇量和提高语感，我的教学计划中的听，说，写训练也就无从开展。所以我认为：时态的学习应优先，不能按部就班，时态的学习要重在应用。现在学校里的时态的教学是像教数学那样由浅到深的来编排的，到了高中毕业还没学完十六个时态，而且学生还得记住许多又枯燥又不会用的语法条文。而实际上，没人是按照这种时态编排来写文章的。因而，学生也就无法找到合适的课外读物，所以往往初中毕业了还无法进行独立的阅读，听，说，写就更不用讲了。这就是很多中国学生不会用英语的主要原因之一。
在实际应用中，时态的基本规律并不复杂，只要多想多用，很快就可以掌握的，至于更多的变化，也完全可以在以后的学习中逐步掌握的。而能用之后我们又会发现，其实每篇文章里时态的搭配都可以有多种方案，就像我们每个人的衣着可以有很多种搭配一样，我们时态的用法也可以有多种搭配方案，只要能符合表现文章的主题的需要，就应该说是正确的。至于哪种是最佳的方案，则各人有个人的看法，所谓仁者见仁，智者见智了。 这里介绍的一些时态最基本的用法是我自己教，学，用过程中的整理出来的。我这样教学生听得懂，容易用，所以我就发上，供大家参考。如果要更深入了解时态的用法，可查阅语法书，如张道真教授的《实用英语语法》等。如哪位朋友有不同意见，也请提出，大家一起研究，共同提高。 Yours Micropiggy 一. 时态的含义 1.一般现在时：表示真理性，经常性，习惯性，普遍性。[在口语里常用，在叙事性文章和故事里很少用] 例句：1.The earth is smaller than the sun. [状态][真理性] 2.Tom gets up early every morning. [动作][经常性和习惯性] 3.Everybody knows him. [普遍性] 2.过去时：表示过去某一时间里发生的动作或状态。 [叙事性的文章和故事里最常用的时态]。 例句：1.Yesterday we went to the park.[动作] 2.The book was there ten minutes ago. [状态] 3.将来时：表示将来某一时间里发生的动作或状态。 例句：1.Tom will help you tomorrow. [动作] 2.We shall be here in time next time. [状态] 4.过去将来时：表示从过去某一时间看将在以后某一时间里发生的动作或状态。[注意不要跟现在联系起来] 例句：1.Ten years ago, Mary said she would finish the work in a few days. [动作] 2. Yesterday he thought you would be a good player after five years. [状态] 5.现在完成时：表示在现在之前就已经完成的动作或状态[要特别注意不包括现在]。 例句：1.We have done our homework. [动作] 2.He has been a doctor now. .[状态] 6.过去完成时: 表示在过去某时之前就已经完成的动作或状态。 例句：1.Three days ago he had already finished his homework. [动作] 2.When he was a boy, he had already been a head of the boys. [状态] 7.将来完成时：表示在将来某时之前将完成的动作或状态。 例句：1.Tomorrow morning, I will have cleaned the windows. [动作] 2.Next Sunday, he will have been a new doctor. [状态] 8.过去将来完成时:表示在过去某一时间之前本该完成的动作或状态。[一般用于虚拟语态] 例句：1.If he had worked hard enough, he would have built a new house. [动作] [实际情况是因为他不够努力，所以新房子连影子都没有] 2.If he were alive, he would have been a doctor now. .[状态][实际情况是他已经去世，所以永远成不了医生] 9.现在进行时：在现在之前开始，以后还要延续一段时间的动作。[要注意只有延续性动词可以用进行时]。 例句：Tom is reading a book. 10.过去进行时：在过去某时之前开始，以后还要延续一段时间的动作。[要注意只有延续性动词可以用进行时]。 例句：The dog was eating a bone. 11.将来进行时：在将来某时之前开始，以后还要延续一段时间的动作。[要注意只有延续性动词可以用进行时]。 例句：At ten tomorrow morning, I will be writing the letter for you. 12.过去将来进行时：从过去某时来看将再以后某时之前开始，以后还要延续一段时间的动作。[要注意只有延续性动词可以用进行时]。 例句：Jack told me that he would be working hard the next year. 13.现在完成进行时：在现在之前就已经完成并且还要延续下去的动作。[较少用] 例句：Tom has been reading this book for over ten hours. 14.过去完成进行时：在过去某时之前就已经完成并且还要延续下去的动作。{很少用} 例句：The workers had been building the railway then. 15.将来完成进行时：在将来某时之前就已经完成并且还要延续下去的动作。{很少用} 例句：They will have been making their efforts after that time. 16.过去将来完成进行时：在过去某时之前看来将来某时应该已经完成并且还要延续下去的动作。{很少用} 例句：We thought they would have been doing physical training till then. 二. 时态的比较：时态的比较一般指的是动作或状态发生的先后。 过去时比现在时先发生： 例句：1. Jack built a path last year, and now he builds a house. [动作] 2. Mr. White was a worker years ago, and now he is an engineer. [状态] 完成时要比一般时先发生： 例句：Tom said that he had done his work already. 现在完成时与过去时不能比较，因为完成时指的是范围，而过去时指的是时点。 将来时比一般时晚发生： 例句：The mother told us she would prepare the dinner early tomorrow. 三. 时态的统一：同一句子里的两个谓语要保持逻辑上的统一。但当提到客观真理时，可以不管这些，直接用一般现在时。 例句：1. Mary said that she wanted to have a look at the picture. 2. They found that the house would be too small soon. 3. The professor told me that the earth is a planet of the sun. 四. 时态的活用:英语时态有一些习惯用法是不符合以上规律的，我们只能硬记这些用法，例如： 在条件状语从句里，将来的条件要用一般现在时表达，将来进行时要用现在进行时表达，依此类推。 例句：1.If you come here early tomorrow morning, you will meet him. 2.He will be watering the garden after two hours if you are preparing so slowly. 3.When we have gone there, they will have been there at least for half an hour. Be going to do sth 和be to do sth结构表示将来时也是活用的方式。 例句：1.We are going to get up early in the holidays. 我们打算在假期里早点起床。 2.He is to climb the high mountain next month. 他定于在下个月去登那座高山。 suggest后面的宾语从句里含有should，如果省略里面的should,谓语动词则应用原形： 例句：He suggested we [should] go in this way. 应用举例：《新概念》第二册红色字表示现在时系列，蓝色字表示过去时系列 Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? It was Sunday. [这是指以前的那一天] I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. [这是指作者一贯来的情况，即习惯性] Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. [这些还是指以前的那个星期天里的事] ’What a day!’ [口语用一般现在时=What a terrible day it is!] I thought. [当时想] ’It’s raining again.’ [仍是现在时系列] Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.[指的是当时的情况] ’I’ve just arrived by train,’ [现在时系列] she said.[露西姨妈当时说的] ’I’m coming to see you.’ [现在时系列] ’But I’m still having breakfast,’[作者说他当时的动作，现在时系列] I said. [他当时说] ’What are you doing?’ [现在时系列] she asked. [她当时说] ’I’m having breakfast,’[作者说他当时的动作，现在时系列] I repeated. [他当时说] ’Dear me,’ she said. [她当时说] ’Do you always get up so late? It’s one o’clock!’ [指的是当时的情况，口语用一般现在时系列] Lesson 3 Please send me a card Postcards always spoil my holidays.[这是指作者一贯来的情况，即习惯性] [以后都是讲述去年夏天的事所以全用过去时系列] Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards.[这一句虽然讲的是经常发生的事，但因为全发生在去年夏天之内，所以仍用过去时] My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card! |
||||||||
上页 1 下页 |
